Editor:Adam Turner
This article explains the new features in Python 3.12, compared to 3.11. Python 3.12 was released on October 2, 2023. For full details, see the
.
See also
– Python 3.12 Release Schedule
Summary – Release highlights
Python 3.12 is a stable release of the Python programming language, with a mix of changes to the language and the standard library. The library changes focus on cleaning up deprecated APIs, usability, and correctness. Of note, the distutils package has been removed from the standard library. Filesystem support in
and
has seen a number of improvements, and several modules have better performance.
The language changes focus on usability, as
have had many limitations removed and ‘Did you mean …’ suggestions continue to improve. The new
and
statement improve ergonomics for using
and
with static type checkers.
This article doesn’t attempt to provide a complete specification of all new features, but instead gives a convenient overview. For full details, you should refer to the documentation, such as the
and
. If you want to understand the complete implementation and design rationale for a change, refer to the PEP for a particular new feature; but note that PEPs usually are not kept up-to-date once a feature has been fully implemented.
———
New syntax features:
, type parameter syntax and the
statement
New grammar features:
,
in the grammar
Interpreter improvements:
, a unique per-interpreter
, low impact monitoring
Improved ‘Did you mean …’ suggestions
for
,
, and
exceptions
Python data model improvements:
, using the
from Python
Significant improvements in the standard library:
The
class now supports subclassing
The
module received several improvements for Windows support
A
has been added to the
module
checks against
enjoy a speed up of between two and 20 times
The
package has had a number of performance improvements, with some benchmarks showing a 75% speed up.
A
has been added to the
module
Due to the changes in
, producing tokens via the
module is up to 64% faster.
Security improvements:
Replace the builtin
implementations of SHA1, SHA3, SHA2-384, SHA2-512, and MD5 with formally verified code from the
project. These builtin implementations remain as fallbacks that are only used when OpenSSL does not provide them.
C API improvements:
, unstable C API tier
, immortal objects
CPython implementation improvements:
, comprehension inlining
for the Linux perf profiler
Implement stack overflow protection on supported platforms
New typing features:
, using
to annotate
,
decorator
Important deprecations, removals or restrictions:
: Remove wstr from Unicode objects in Python’s C API, reducing the size of every
object by at least 8 bytes.
: Remove the distutils package. See
for advice replacing the APIs it provided. The third-party
package continues to provide distutils, if you still require it in Python 3.12 and beyond.
: Do not pre-install setuptools in virtual environments created with
. This means that distutils, setuptools, pkg_resources, and easy_install will no longer available by default; to access these run pipinstallsetuptools in the
virtual environment.
The asynchat, asyncore, and imp modules have been removed, along with several
.
New Features
PEP 695: Type Parameter Syntax
Generic classes and functions under
were declared using a verbose syntax that left the scope of type parameters unclear and required explicit declarations of variance.
introduces a new, more compact and explicit way to create
and
:
defmax[T](args:Iterable[T])->T:...classlist[T]:def__getitem__(self,index:int,/)->T:...defappend(self,element:T)->None:...In addition, the PEP introduces a new way to declare
using the
statement, which creates an instance of
:
typePoint=tuple[float,float]Type aliases can also be
:
typePoint[T]=tuple[T,T]The new syntax allows declaring
and
parameters, as well as
parameters with bounds or constraints:
typeIntFunc[**P]=Callable[P,int]# ParamSpectypeLabeledTuple[*Ts]=tuple[str,*Ts]# TypeVarTupletypeHashableSequence[T:Hashable]=Sequence[T]# TypeVar with boundtypeIntOrStrSequence[T:(int,str)]=Sequence[T]# TypeVar with constraintsThe value of type aliases and the bound and constraints of type variables created through this syntax are evaluated only on demand (see
). This means type aliases are able to refer to other types defined later in the file.
Type parameters declared through a type parameter list are visible within the scope of the declaration and any nested scopes, but not in the outer scope. For example, they can be used in the type annotations for the methods of a generic class or in the class body. However, they cannot be used in the module scope after the class is defined. See
for a detailed description of the runtime semantics of type parameters.
In order to support these scoping semantics, a new kind of scope is introduced, the
. Annotation scopes behave for the most part like function scopes, but interact differently with enclosing class scopes. In Python 3.13,
will also be evaluated in annotation scopes.
See
for more details.
(PEP written by Eric Traut. Implementation by Jelle Zijlstra, Eric Traut, and others in
.)
PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings
lifts some restrictions on the usage of
. Expression components inside f-strings can now be any valid Python expression, including strings reusing the same quote as the containing f-string, multi-line expressions, comments, backslashes, and unicode escape sequences. Let’s cover these in detail:
Quote reuse: in Python 3.11, reusing the same quotes as the enclosing f-string raises a
, forcing the user to either use other available quotes (like using double quotes or triple quotes if the f-string uses single quotes). In Python 3.12, you can now do things like this:
>>> songs=['Take me back to Eden','Alkaline','Ascensionism']>>> f"This is the playlist: {", ".join(songs)}"'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden, Alkaline, Ascensionism'Note that before this change there was no explicit limit in how f-strings can be nested, but the fact that string quotes cannot be reused inside the expression component of f-strings made it impossible to nest f-strings arbitrarily. In fact, this is the most nested f-string that could be written:
>>> f"""{f'''{f'{f"{1+1}"}'}'''}"""'2'As now f-strings can contain any valid Python expression inside expression components, it is now possible to nest f-strings arbitrarily:
>>> f"{f"{f"{f"{f"{f"{1+1}"}"}"}"}"}"'2'
Multi-line expressions and comments: In Python 3.11, f-string expressions must be defined in a single line, even if the expression within the f-string could normally span multiple lines (like literal lists being defined over multiple lines), making them harder to read. In Python 3.12 you can now define f-strings spanning multiple lines, and add inline comments:
>>> f"This is the playlist: {", ".join([ ... 'Take me back to Eden', # My, my, those eyes like fire ... 'Alkaline', # Not acid nor alkaline ... 'Ascensionism' # Take to the broken skies at last ... ])}" 'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden, Alkaline, Ascensionism'
Backslashes and unicode characters: before Python 3.12 f-string expressions couldn’t contain any \ character. This also affected unicode
(such as \N{snowman}) as these contain the \N part that previously could not be part of expression components of f-strings. Now, you can define expressions like this:
>>> print(f"This is the playlist: {"\n".join(songs)}")This is the playlist: Take me back to EdenAlkalineAscensionism>>> print(f"This is the playlist: {"\N{BLACK HEART SUIT}".join(songs)}")This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden♥Alkaline♥Ascensionism
See
for more details.
As a positive side-effect of how this feature has been implemented (by parsing f-strings with
), now error messages for f-strings are more precise and include the exact location of the error. For example, in Python 3.11, the following f-string raises a
:
>>> my_string=f"{xzy}"+f"{1+1}" File "<stdin>", line 1(xzy)^^^SyntaxError: f-string: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma?but the error message doesn’t include the exact location of the error within the line and also has the expression artificially surrounded by parentheses. In Python 3.12, as f-strings are parsed with the PEG parser, error messages can be more precise and show the entire line:
>>> my_string=f"{xzy}"+f"{1+1}" File "<stdin>", line 1my_string=f"{xzy}"+f"{1+1}"^^^SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma?(Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou, Cristián Maureira-Fredes and Marta Gómez in
. PEP written by Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou and Marta Gómez).
PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL
introduces a per-interpreter
, so that sub-interpreters may now be created with a unique GIL per interpreter. This allows Python programs to take full advantage of multiple CPU cores. This is currently only available through the C-API, though a Python API is
.
Use the new
function to create an interpreter with its own GIL:
PyInterpreterConfigconfig={.check_multi_interp_extensions=1,.gil=PyInterpreterConfig_OWN_GIL,};PyThreadState*tstate=NULL;PyStatusstatus=Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig(&tstate,&config);if(PyStatus_Exception(status)){return-1;}/* The new interpreter is now active in the current thread. */For further examples how to use the C-API for sub-interpreters with a per-interpreter GIL, see Modules/_xxsubinterpretersmodule.c.
(Contributed by Eric Snow in
, etc.)
PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython
defines a new
for profilers, debuggers, and other tools to monitor events in CPython. It covers a wide range of events, including calls, returns, lines, exceptions, jumps, and more. This means that you only pay for what you use, providing support for near-zero overhead debuggers and coverage tools. See sys.monitoring for details.
(Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python
introduces a way to use the
from Python code. Classes that implement the
method are now usable as buffer types.
The new
ABC provides a standard way to represent buffer objects, for example in type annotations. The new
enum represents the flags that can be used to customize buffer creation. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in
.)
PEP 709: Comprehension inlining
Dictionary, list, and set comprehensions are now inlined, rather than creating a new single-use function object for each execution of the comprehension. This speeds up execution of a comprehension by up to two times. See
for further details.
Comprehension iteration variables remain isolated and don’t overwrite a variable of the same name in the outer scope, nor are they visible after the comprehension. Inlining does result in a few visible behavior changes:
There is no longer a separate frame for the comprehension in tracebacks, and tracing/profiling no longer shows the comprehension as a function call.
The
module will no longer produce child symbol tables for each comprehension; instead, the comprehension’s locals will be included in the parent function’s symbol table.
Calling
inside a comprehension now includes variables from outside the comprehension, and no longer includes the synthetic .0 variable for the comprehension “argument”.
A comprehension iterating directly over locals() (e.g. [kforkinlocals()]) may see “RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration” when run under tracing (e.g. code coverage measurement). This is the same behavior already seen in e.g. forkinlocals():. To avoid the error, first create a list of keys to iterate over: keys=list(locals());[kforkinkeys].
(Contributed by Carl Meyer and Vladimir Matveev in
.)
Improved Error Messages
Modules from the standard library are now potentially suggested as part of the error messages displayed by the interpreter when a
is raised to the top level. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
>>> sys.version_infoTraceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>NameError: name 'sys' is not defined. Did you forget to import 'sys'?
Improve the error suggestion for
exceptions for instances. Now if a NameError is raised in a method and the instance has an attribute that’s exactly equal to the name in the exception, the suggestion will include self.<NAME> instead of the closest match in the method scope. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
>>> classA:... def__init__(self):... self.blech=1...... deffoo(self):... somethin=blech...>>> A().foo()Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1somethin=blech^^^^^NameError: name 'blech' is not defined. Did you mean: 'self.blech'?
Improve the
error message when the user types importxfromy instead of fromyimportx. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
>>> importa.y.zfromb.y.zTraceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1importa.y.zfromb.y.z^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead?
exceptions raised from failed from<module>import<name> statements now include suggestions for the value of <name> based on the available names in <module>. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
>>> fromcollectionsimportchainmapTraceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>ImportError: cannot import name 'chainmap' from 'collections'. Did you mean: 'ChainMap'?
Other Language Changes
The parser now raises
when parsing source code containing null bytes. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
A backslash-character pair that is not a valid escape sequence now generates a
, instead of
. For example, re.compile("\d+\.\d+") now emits a SyntaxWarning ("\d" is an invalid escape sequence, use raw strings for regular expression: re.compile(r"\d+\.\d+")). In a future Python version,
will eventually be raised, instead of SyntaxWarning. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Octal escapes with value larger than 0o377 (ex: "\477"), deprecated in Python 3.11, now produce a
, instead of
. In a future Python version they will be eventually a
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Variables used in the target part of comprehensions that are not stored to can now be used in assignment expressions (:=). For example, in [(b:=1)fora,b.propinsome_iter], the assignment to b is now allowed. Note that assigning to variables stored to in the target part of comprehensions (like a) is still disallowed, as per
. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
Exceptions raised in a class or type’s __set_name__ method are no longer wrapped by a
. Context information is added to the exception as a
note. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
When a try-except* construct handles the entire
and raises one other exception, that exception is no longer wrapped in an ExceptionGroup. Also changed in version 3.11.4. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
The Garbage Collector now runs only on the eval breaker mechanism of the Python bytecode evaluation loop instead of object allocations. The GC can also run when
is called so C extensions that need to run for a long time without executing any Python code also have a chance to execute the GC periodically. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
All builtin and extension callables expecting boolean parameters now accept arguments of any type instead of just
and
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
now supports the half-float type (the “e” format code). (Contributed by Donghee Na and Antoine Pitrou in
.)
objects are now hashable, allowing them to be used as dict keys and set items. (Contributed by Will Bradshaw, Furkan Onder, and Raymond Hettinger in
.)
now uses Neumaier summation to improve accuracy and commutativity when summing floats or mixed ints and floats. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
now raises
instead of
when parsing source code containing null bytes. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
The extraction methods in
, and
, have a new a filter argument that allows limiting tar features than may be surprising or dangerous, such as creating files outside the destination directory. See
for details. In Python 3.14, the default will switch to 'data'. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in
.)
instances are now hashable if the underlying mapping is hashable. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
Add
through the new environment variable
and command-line option
, as well as the new
sys.activate_stack_trampoline()
,
sys.deactivate_stack_trampoline()
, and
sys.is_stack_trampoline_active()
functions. (Design by Pablo Galindo. Contributed by Pablo Galindo and Christian Heimes with contributions from Gregory P. Smith [Google] and Mark Shannon in
.)
New Modules
None.
Improved Modules
array
The
class now supports subscripting, making it a
. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in
.)
asyncio
The performance of writing to sockets in
has been significantly improved. asyncio now avoids unnecessary copying when writing to sockets and uses
if the platform supports it. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
Add
and
asyncio.create_eager_task_factory()
functions to allow opting an event loop in to eager task execution, making some use-cases 2x to 5x faster. (Contributed by Jacob Bower & Itamar Oren in
,
, and
)
On Linux,
uses asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher by default if
is available and functional instead of asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
The event loop now uses the best available child watcher for each platform (asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher if supported and asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher otherwise), so manually configuring a child watcher is not recommended. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
Add loop_factory parameter to
to allow specifying a custom event loop factory. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
Add C implementation of
for 4x-6x speedup. (Contributed by Itamar Oren and Pranav Thulasiram Bhat in
.)
now returns False for generators as
does not support legacy generator-based coroutines. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
and
now accepts generators yielding tasks. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
calendar
Add enums
and
defining months of the year and days of the week. (Contributed by Prince Roshan in
.)
csv
Add
and
flags to provide finer grained control of None and empty strings by
and
objects.
dis
Pseudo instruction opcodes (which are used by the compiler but do not appear in executable bytecode) are now exposed in the
module.
is still relevant to real opcodes, but it is not useful for pseudo instructions. Use the new
collection instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
Add the
collection to signify instructions that set an exception handler. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
fractions
Objects of type
now support float-style formatting. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in
.)
importlib.resources
now supports resource directories. (Contributed by Jason R. Coombs in
.)
Rename first parameter of
to anchor. (Contributed by Jason R. Coombs in
.)
inspect
Add
inspect.markcoroutinefunction()
to mark sync functions that return a
for use with
. (Contributed by Carlton Gibson in
.)
Add
and
for determining the current state of asynchronous generators. (Contributed by Thomas Krennwallner in
.)
The performance of
has been considerably improved. Most calls to the function should be at least 2x faster than they were in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in
.)
itertools
Add
for collecting into even-sized tuples where the last batch may be shorter than the rest. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
math
Add
for computing a sum of products. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
Extend
to include a steps argument for moving up or down multiple steps at a time. (Contributed by Matthias Goergens, Mark Dickinson, and Raymond Hettinger in
.)
os
Add
to open a file descriptor for a process with
in non-blocking mode. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
now includes an
method to check if the entry is a junction. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
.)
Add
,
and
functions on Windows for enumerating drives, volumes and mount points. (Contributed by Steve Dower in
.)
and
are now more accurate on Windows. The st_birthtime field will now be filled with the creation time of the file, and st_ctime is deprecated but still contains the creation time (but in the future will return the last metadata change, for consistency with other platforms). st_dev may be up to 64 bits and st_ino up to 128 bits depending on your file system, and st_rdev is always set to zero rather than incorrect values. Both functions may be significantly faster on newer releases of Windows. (Contributed by Steve Dower in
.)
os.path
Add
to check if a given path is a junction. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
.)
Add
to split a path into a triad (drive,root,tail). (Contributed by Barney Gale in
.)
pathlib
Add support for subclassing
and
, plus their Posix- and Windows-specific variants. Subclasses may override the
pathlib.PurePath.with_segments()
method to pass information between path instances.
Add
for walking the directory trees and generating all file or directory names within them, similar to
. (Contributed by Stanislav Zmiev in
.)
Add walk_up optional parameter to
pathlib.PurePath.relative_to()
to allow the insertion of .. entries in the result; this behavior is more consistent with
. (Contributed by Domenico Ragusa in
.)
Add
as a proxy to
. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
.)
Add case_sensitive optional parameter to
,
and
for matching the path’s case sensitivity, allowing for more precise control over the matching process.
platform
Add support for detecting Windows 11 and Windows Server releases past 2012. Previously, lookups on Windows Server platforms newer than Windows Server 2012 and on Windows 11 would return Windows-10. (Contributed by Steve Dower in
.)
pdb
Add convenience variables to hold values temporarily for debug session and provide quick access to values like the current frame or the return value. (Contributed by Tian Gao in
.)
random
Add
. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
Add a default of lambd=1.0 to
. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
shutil
now passes the root_dir argument to custom archivers which support it. In this case it no longer temporarily changes the current working directory of the process to root_dir to perform archiving. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
now accepts a new argument onexc which is an error handler like onerror but which expects an exception instance rather than a (typ, val, tb) triplet. onerror is deprecated. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
now consults the PATHEXT environment variable to find matches within PATH on Windows even when the given cmd includes a directory component. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
.)
will call NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW when querying for executables on Windows to determine if the current working directory should be prepended to the search path. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
.)
will return a path matching the cmd with a component from PATHEXT prior to a direct match elsewhere in the search path on Windows. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
.)
sqlite3
Add a
. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
Add the
attribute to
and the autocommit parameter to
to control
-compliant
. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
Add entrypoint keyword-only parameter to
sqlite3.Connection.load_extension()
, for overriding the SQLite extension entry point. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
Add
sqlite3.Connection.getconfig()
and
sqlite3.Connection.setconfig()
to
to make configuration changes to a database connection. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
statistics
Extend
to include as a ranked method for computing the Spearman correlation of ranked data. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
sys
Add the
namespace to expose the new
monitoring API. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add
sys.activate_stack_trampoline()
and
sys.deactivate_stack_trampoline()
for activating and deactivating stack profiler trampolines, and
sys.is_stack_trampoline_active()
for querying if stack profiler trampolines are active. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo and Christian Heimes with contributions from Gregory P. Smith [Google] and Mark Shannon in
.)
Add
which holds the last unhandled exception that was raised (for post-mortem debugging use cases). Deprecate the three fields that have the same information in its legacy form:
,
and
. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
now returns a mapping from thread-id to an exception instance, rather than to a (typ,exc,tb) tuple. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
and
. The recursion limit now applies only to Python code. Builtin functions do not use the recursion limit, but are protected by a different mechanism that prevents recursion from causing a virtual machine crash.
tempfile
The
function has a new optional parameter delete_on_close (Contributed by Evgeny Zorin in
.)
now always returns an absolute path, even if the argument provided to the dir parameter is a relative path.
threading
Add
threading.settrace_all_threads()
and
threading.setprofile_all_threads()
that allow to set tracing and profiling functions in all running threads in addition to the calling one. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
tkinter
tkinter.Canvas.coords() now flattens its arguments. It now accepts not only coordinates as separate arguments (x1,y1,x2,y2,...) and a sequence of coordinates ([x1,y1,x2,y2,...]), but also coordinates grouped in pairs ((x1,y1),(x2,y2),... and [(x1,y1),(x2,y2),...]), like create_*() methods. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
tokenize
The
module includes the changes introduced in
. (Contributed by Marta Gómez Macías and Pablo Galindo in
.) See
for more information on the changes to the tokenize module.
types
Add
to allow for further introspection of
when subclassed. (Contributed by James Hilton-Balfe and Alex Waygood in
.)
typing
checks against
now use
rather than
to lookup whether attributes exist. This means that descriptors and
methods are no longer unexpectedly evaluated during isinstance() checks against runtime-checkable protocols. However, it may also mean that some objects which used to be considered instances of a runtime-checkable protocol may no longer be considered instances of that protocol on Python 3.12+, and vice versa. Most users are unlikely to be affected by this change. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in
.)
The members of a runtime-checkable protocol are now considered “frozen” at runtime as soon as the class has been created. Monkey-patching attributes onto a runtime-checkable protocol will still work, but will have no impact on
checks comparing objects to the protocol. For example:
>>> fromtypingimportProtocol,runtime_checkable>>> @runtime_checkable... classHasX(Protocol):... x=1...>>> classFoo:......>>> f=Foo()>>> isinstance(f,HasX)False>>> f.x=1>>> isinstance(f,HasX)True>>> HasX.y=2>>> isinstance(f,HasX)# unchanged, even though HasX now also has a "y" attributeTrueThis change was made in order to speed up isinstance() checks against runtime-checkable protocols.
The performance profile of
checks against
has changed significantly. Most isinstance() checks against protocols with only a few members should be at least 2x faster than in 3.11, and some may be 20x faster or more. However, isinstance() checks against protocols with many members may be slower than in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in
and
.)
All
and
classes now have the __orig_bases__ attribute. (Contributed by Adrian Garcia Badaracco in
.)
Add frozen_default parameter to
. (Contributed by Erik De Bonte in
.)
unicodedata
The Unicode database has been updated to version 15.0.0. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in
).
unittest
Add a --durations command line option, showing the N slowest test cases:
python3-munittest--durations=3lib.tests.test_threading.....Slowesttestdurations----------------------------------------------------------------------1.210stest_timeout(Lib.test.test_threading.BarrierTests)1.003stest_default_timeout(Lib.test.test_threading.BarrierTests)0.518stest_timeout(Lib.test.test_threading.EventTests)(0.000durationshidden.Use-vtoshowthesedurations.)----------------------------------------------------------------------Ran158testsin9.869sOK(skipped=3)(Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola in
)
uuid
Add a
. (Contributed by Adam Chhina in
.)
Optimizations
Remove wstr and wstr_length members from Unicode objects. It reduces object size by 8 or 16 bytes on 64bit platform. (
) (Contributed by Inada Naoki in
.)
Add experimental support for using the BOLT binary optimizer in the build process, which improves performance by 1-5%. (Contributed by Kevin Modzelewski in
and tuned by Donghee Na in
)
Speed up the regular expression substitution (functions
and
and corresponding re.Pattern methods) for replacement strings containing group references by 2–3 times. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
Speed up
creation by deferring expensive string formatting. (Contributed by Itamar Oren in
.)
The
and
functions are up to 64% faster as a side effect of the changes required to cover
in the
module. (Contributed by Marta Gómez Macías and Pablo Galindo in
.)
Speed up
method calls and attribute loads via the new
instruction. (Contributed by Carl Meyer and Vladimir Matveev in
.)
CPython bytecode changes
Remove the LOAD_METHOD instruction. It has been merged into
. LOAD_ATTR will now behave like the old LOAD_METHOD instruction if the low bit of its oparg is set. (Contributed by Ken Jin in
.)
Remove the JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP and JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP instructions. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
Remove the PRECALL instruction. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add the
and
instructions. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add the
instructions. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add the
instruction. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
Add the
instruction. (Contributed by Brandt Bucher in
.)
Add the END_SEND instruction. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add the
instruction as part of the implementation of
. (Contributed by Carl Meyer in
.)
Add the
instruction. (Contributed by Dennis Sweeney in
.)
Add the
,
, and
opcodes as part of the implementation of
. Remove the LOAD_CLASSDEREF opcode, which can be replaced with LOAD_LOCALS plus LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in
.)
Add the
instruction. (Contributed by Carl Meyer and Vladimir Matveev in
.)
Add the RETURN_CONST instruction. (Contributed by Wenyang Wang in
.)
Demos and Tools
Remove the Tools/demo/ directory which contained old demo scripts. A copy can be found in the
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Remove outdated example scripts of the Tools/scripts/ directory. A copy can be found in the
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Deprecated
: The type, choices, and metavar parameters of argparse.BooleanOptionalAction are deprecated and will be removed in 3.14. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
: The following ast features have been deprecated in documentation since Python 3.8, now cause a
to be emitted at runtime when they are accessed or used, and will be removed in Python 3.14:
ast.Num
ast.Str
ast.Bytes
ast.NameConstant
ast.Ellipsis
Use
instead. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
:
The child watcher classes asyncio.MultiLoopChildWatcher, asyncio.FastChildWatcher, asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher and asyncio.SafeChildWatcher are deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
asyncio.set_child_watcher(), asyncio.get_child_watcher(), asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher() and asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher() are deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
The
method of the default event loop policy now emits a
if there is no current event loop set and it decides to create one. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Guido van Rossum in
.)
: calendar.January and calendar.February constants are deprecated and replaced by
and
. (Contributed by Prince Roshan in
.)
: Deprecated
.
Use isinstance(obj,collections.abc.Buffer) to test if obj implements the
at runtime. For use in type annotations, either use
or a union that explicitly specifies the types your code supports (e.g., bytes|bytearray|memoryview).
ByteString was originally intended to be an abstract class that would serve as a supertype of both
and
. However, since the ABC never had any methods, knowing that an object was an instance of ByteString never actually told you anything useful about the object. Other common buffer types such as
were also never understood as subtypes of ByteString (either at runtime or by static type checkers).
See
for more details. (Contributed by Shantanu Jain in
.)
:
’s
and
are deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instead, use timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes in UTC: respectively, call
and
with the tz parameter set to
. (Contributed by Paul Ganssle in
.)
: Deprecate the isdst parameter in
. (Contributed by Alan Williams in
.)
: Deprecated the following classes, scheduled for removal in Python 3.14:
importlib.abc.ResourceReader
importlib.abc.Traversable
importlib.abc.TraversableResources
Use
classes instead:
importlib.resources.abc.Traversable
importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources
(Contributed by Jason R. Coombs and Hugo van Kemenade in
.)
: Deprecate the support for copy, deepcopy, and pickle operations, which is undocumented, inefficient, historically buggy, and inconsistent. This will be removed in 3.14 for a significant reduction in code volume and maintenance burden. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
: In Python 3.14, the default multiprocessing start method will change to a safer one on Linux, BSDs, and other non-macOS POSIX platforms where 'fork' is currently the default (
). Adding a runtime warning about this was deemed too disruptive as the majority of code is not expected to care. Use the
or
APIs to explicitly specify when your code requires'fork'. See
.
: pkgutil.find_loader() and pkgutil.get_loader() are deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use
instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
: The module has two undocumented master_open() and slave_open() functions that have been deprecated since Python 2 but only gained a proper
in 3.12. Remove them in 3.14. (Contributed by Soumendra Ganguly and Gregory P. Smith in
.)
:
The st_ctime fields return by
and
on Windows are deprecated. In a future release, they will contain the last metadata change time, consistent with other platforms. For now, they still contain the creation time, which is also available in the new st_birthtime field. (Contributed by Steve Dower in
.)
On POSIX platforms,
can now raise a
when it can detect being called from a multithreaded process. There has always been a fundamental incompatibility with the POSIX platform when doing so. Even if such code appeared to work. We added the warning to raise awareness as issues encountered by code doing this are becoming more frequent. See the os.fork() documentation for more details along with
this discussion on fork being incompatible with threads
for why we’re now surfacing this longstanding platform compatibility problem to developers.
When this warning appears due to usage of
or
the fix is to use a different multiprocessing start method such as "spawn" or "forkserver".
: The onerror argument of
is deprecated; use onexc instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
:
default adapters and converters
are now deprecated. Instead, use the
and tailor them to your needs. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
In
,
is now emitted when
are used together with parameters supplied as a
instead of as a
. Starting from Python 3.14, using named placeholders with parameters supplied as a sequence will raise a
. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
: The
,
and
fields are deprecated. Use
instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
: Extracting tar archives without specifying filter is deprecated until Python 3.14, when 'data' filter will become the default. See
for details.
:
and
, aliases for
and
respectively, are deprecated. (
.)
, deprecated since Python 3.9, now causes a
to be emitted when it is used. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in
.)
: The module now emits
when testing the truth value of an
. Before, the Python implementation emitted
, and the C implementation emitted nothing. (Contributed by Jacob Walls in
.)
The 3-arg signatures (type, value, traceback) of
,
and
are deprecated and may be removed in a future version of Python. Use the single-arg versions of these functions instead. (Contributed by Ofey Chan in
.)
is now raised when
on a module differs from
(previously it was
). (Contributed by Brett Cannon in
.)
Setting
or
on a module is deprecated, and will cease to be set or taken into consideration by the import system in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in
.)
The bitwise inversion operator (~) on bool is deprecated. It will throw an error in Python 3.16. Use not for logical negation of bools instead. In the rare case that you really need the bitwise inversion of the underlying int, convert to int explicitly: ~int(x). (Contributed by Tim Hoffmann in
.)
Accessing
on code objects was deprecated in Python 3.10 via
, but it only got a proper
in 3.12. May be removed in 3.15. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
Pending removal in Python 3.13
Modules (see
):
aifc
audioop
cgi
cgitb
chunk
crypt
imghdr
mailcap
msilib
nis
nntplib
ossaudiodev
pipes
sndhdr
spwd
sunau
telnetlib
uu
xdrlib
Other modules:
lib2to3, and the 2to3 program (
)
APIs:
configparser.LegacyInterpolation (
)
locale.resetlocale() (
)
turtle.RawTurtle.settiltangle() (
)
unittest.findTestCases() (
)
unittest.getTestCaseNames() (
)
unittest.makeSuite() (
)
unittest.TestProgram.usageExit() (
)
webbrowser.MacOSX (
)
descriptor chaining (
)
Pending removal in Python 3.14
: The type, choices, and metavar parameters of argparse.BooleanOptionalAction are deprecated and will be removed in 3.14. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
: The following features have been deprecated in documentation since Python 3.8, now cause a
to be emitted at runtime when they are accessed or used, and will be removed in Python 3.14:
ast.Num
ast.Str
ast.Bytes
ast.NameConstant
ast.Ellipsis
Use
instead. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
:
The child watcher classes asyncio.MultiLoopChildWatcher, asyncio.FastChildWatcher, asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher and asyncio.SafeChildWatcher are deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
asyncio.set_child_watcher(), asyncio.get_child_watcher(), asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher() and asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher() are deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
The
method of the default event loop policy now emits a
if there is no current event loop set and it decides to create one. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Guido van Rossum in
.)
: Deprecated the isdst parameter in
. (Contributed by Alan Williams in
.)
deprecated classes:
importlib.abc.ResourceReader
importlib.abc.Traversable
importlib.abc.TraversableResources
Use
classes instead:
importlib.resources.abc.Traversable
importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources
(Contributed by Jason R. Coombs and Hugo van Kemenade in
.)
had undocumented, inefficient, historically buggy, and inconsistent support for copy, deepcopy, and pickle operations. This will be removed in 3.14 for a significant reduction in code volume and maintenance burden. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in
.)
: The default start method will change to a safer one on Linux, BSDs, and other non-macOS POSIX platforms where 'fork' is currently the default (
). Adding a runtime warning about this was deemed too disruptive as the majority of code is not expected to care. Use the
or
APIs to explicitly specify when your code requires'fork'. See
.
:
and
: passing additional arguments is deprecated.
: pkgutil.find_loader() and pkgutil.get_loader() now raise
; use
instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
:
master_open(): use
.
slave_open(): use
.
:
version and version_info.
and
if
are used and parameters is a sequence instead of a
.
: urllib.parse.Quoter is deprecated: it was not intended to be a public API. (Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in
.)
Pending removal in Python 3.15
The import system:
Setting
on a module while failing to set
is deprecated. In Python 3.15, __cached__ will cease to be set or take into consideration by the import system or standard library. (
)
Setting
on a module while failing to set
is deprecated. In Python 3.15, __package__ will cease to be set or take into consideration by the import system or standard library. (
)
:
The undocumented ctypes.SetPointerType() function has been deprecated since Python 3.13.
:
The obsolete and rarely used
has been deprecated since Python 3.13. No direct replacement exists. Anything is better than CGI to interface a web server with a request handler.
The --cgi flag to the python -m http.server command-line interface has been deprecated since Python 3.13.
:
load_module() method: use exec_module() instead.
:
has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use
to detect reserved paths on Windows.
:
has been deprecated since Python 3.13. This function is only useful for Jython support, has a confusing API, and is largely untested.
:
The check_home argument of
has been deprecated since Python 3.12.
:
will take no arguments in Python 3.15. Passing any arguments has been deprecated since Python 3.14, as the Python version does not permit any arguments, but the C version allows any number of positional or keyword arguments, ignoring every argument.
:
: Accessing
was deprecated in
since 3.10 and was planned to be removed in 3.12, but it only got a proper
in 3.12. May be removed in 3.15. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
:
The undocumented keyword argument syntax for creating
classes (for example, Point=NamedTuple("Point",x=int,y=int)) has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use the class-based syntax or the functional syntax instead.
When using the functional syntax of
s, failing to pass a value to the fields parameter (TD=TypedDict("TD")) or passing None (TD=TypedDict("TD",None)) has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use classTD(TypedDict):pass or TD=TypedDict("TD",{}) to create a TypedDict with zero field.
The
@typing.no_type_check_decorator
decorator function has been deprecated since Python 3.13. After eight years in the
module, it has yet to be supported by any major type checker.
:
The
, setmark(), and
methods of the
and
classes have been deprecated since Python 3.13.
:
has been deprecated since Python 3.10. Use
instead. (Contributed by Jiahao Li in
.)
Pending removal in Python 3.16
The import system:
Setting
on a module while failing to set
is deprecated. In Python 3.16, __loader__ will cease to be set or taken into consideration by the import system or the standard library.
:
The 'u' format code (wchar_t) has been deprecated in documentation since Python 3.3 and at runtime since Python 3.13. Use the 'w' format code (
) for Unicode characters instead.
:
asyncio.iscoroutinefunction() is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16; use
instead. (Contributed by Jiahao Li and Kumar Aditya in
.)
policy system is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16. In particular, the following classes and functions are deprecated:
asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()
asyncio.set_event_loop_policy()
Users should use
or
with loop_factory to use the desired event loop implementation.
For example, to use
on Windows:
importasyncioasyncdefmain():...asyncio.run(main(),loop_factory=asyncio.SelectorEventLoop)(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
:
Bitwise inversion on boolean types, ~True or ~False has been deprecated since Python 3.12, as it produces surprising and unintuitive results (-2 and -1). Use notx instead for the logical negation of a Boolean. In the rare case that you need the bitwise inversion of the underlying integer, convert to int explicitly (~int(x)).
:
Calling the Python implementation of
with function or sequence as keyword arguments has been deprecated since Python 3.14.
:
Support for custom logging handlers with the strm argument is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python 3.16. Define handlers with the stream argument instead. (Contributed by Mariusz Felisiak in
.)
:
Valid extensions start with a ‘.’ or are empty for
mimetypes.MimeTypes.add_type()
. Undotted extensions are deprecated and will raise a
in Python 3.16. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in
.)
:
The ExecError exception has been deprecated since Python 3.14. It has not been used by any function in shutil since Python 3.4, and is now an alias of
.
:
The
method has been deprecated since Python 3.14.
:
The
_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()
function has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use the
environment variable instead.
:
The sysconfig.expand_makefile_vars() function has been deprecated since Python 3.14. Use the vars argument of
instead.
:
The undocumented and unused TarFile.tarfile attribute has been deprecated since Python 3.13.
Pending removal in Python 3.17
:
is scheduled for removal in Python 3.17.
Use isinstance(obj,collections.abc.Buffer) to test if obj implements the
at runtime. For use in type annotations, either use
or a union that explicitly specifies the types your code supports (e.g., bytes|bytearray|memoryview).
ByteString was originally intended to be an abstract class that would serve as a supertype of both
and
. However, since the ABC never had any methods, knowing that an object was an instance of ByteString never actually told you anything useful about the object. Other common buffer types such as
were also never understood as subtypes of ByteString (either at runtime or by static type checkers).
See
for more details. (Contributed by Shantanu Jain in
.)
:
Before Python 3.14, old-style unions were implemented using the private class typing._UnionGenericAlias. This class is no longer needed for the implementation, but it has been retained for backward compatibility, with removal scheduled for Python 3.17. Users should use documented introspection helpers like
and
instead of relying on private implementation details.
, deprecated since Python 3.9, is scheduled for removal in Python 3.17.
Use isinstance(obj,collections.abc.Buffer) to test if obj implements the
at runtime. For use in type annotations, either use
or a union that explicitly specifies the types your code supports (e.g., bytes|bytearray|memoryview).
ByteString was originally intended to be an abstract class that would serve as a supertype of both
and
. However, since the ABC never had any methods, knowing that an object was an instance of ByteString never actually told you anything useful about the object. Other common buffer types such as
were also never understood as subtypes of ByteString (either at runtime or by static type checkers).
See
for more details. (Contributed by Shantanu Jain in
.)
Pending removal in future versions
The following APIs will be removed in the future, although there is currently no date scheduled for their removal.
:
Nesting argument groups and nesting mutually exclusive groups are deprecated.
Passing the undocumented keyword argument prefix_chars to
is now deprecated.
The
type converter is deprecated.
:
Generators: throw(type,exc,tb) and athrow(type,exc,tb) signature is deprecated: use throw(exc) and athrow(exc) instead, the single argument signature.
Currently Python accepts numeric literals immediately followed by keywords, for example 0inx, 1orx, 0if1else2. It allows confusing and ambiguous expressions like [0x1forxiny] (which can be interpreted as [0x1forxiny] or [0x1forxiny]). A syntax warning is raised if the numeric literal is immediately followed by one of keywords
,
,
,
,
,
and
. In a future release it will be changed to a syntax error. (
)
Support for __index__() and __int__() method returning non-int type: these methods will be required to return an instance of a strict subclass of
.
Support for __float__() method returning a strict subclass of
: these methods will be required to return an instance of float.
Support for __complex__() method returning a strict subclass of
: these methods will be required to return an instance of complex.
Passing a complex number as the real or imag argument in the
constructor is now deprecated; it should only be passed as a single positional argument. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
: calendar.January and calendar.February constants are deprecated and replaced by
and
. (Contributed by Prince Roshan in
.)
: use
instead of
. (
)
: use the
method instead.
:
: use datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.UTC).
: use datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp,tz=datetime.UTC).
: Plural value must be an integer.
:
debug_override parameter is deprecated: use the optimization parameter instead.
:
EntryPoints tuple interface.
Implicit None on return values.
: the warn() method has been deprecated since Python 3.3, use
instead.
: Use of StringIO input and text mode is deprecated, use BytesIO and binary mode instead.
: Calling
in multi-threaded process.
pydoc.ErrorDuringImport: A tuple value for exc_info parameter is deprecated, use an exception instance.
: More strict rules are now applied for numerical group references and group names in regular expressions. Only sequence of ASCII digits is now accepted as a numerical reference. The group name in bytes patterns and replacement strings can now only contain ASCII letters and digits and underscore. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
sre_compile, sre_constants and sre_parse modules.
:
’s onerror parameter is deprecated in Python 3.12; use the onexc parameter instead.
options and protocols:
without protocol argument is deprecated.
:
and selected_npn_protocol() are deprecated: use ALPN instead.
ssl.OP_NO_SSL* options
ssl.OP_NO_TLS* options
ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
ssl.TLSVersion.SSLv3
ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1
ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1
methods:
threading.Condition.notifyAll(): use
.
threading.Event.isSet(): use
.
threading.Thread.isDaemon(),
: use
attribute.
threading.Thread.getName(),
: use
attribute.
threading.currentThread(): use
.
threading.activeCount(): use
.
(
).
The internal class typing._UnionGenericAlias is no longer used to implement
. To preserve compatibility with users using this private class, a compatibility shim will be provided until at least Python 3.17. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in
.)
unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase
: it is deprecated to return a value that is not None from a test case.
deprecated functions:
instead
splitattr()
splithost()
splitnport()
splitpasswd()
splitport()
splitquery()
splittag()
splittype()
splituser()
splitvalue()
to_bytes()
: SimpleHandler.stdout.write() should not do partial writes.
: Testing the truth value of an
is deprecated. In a future release it will always return True. Prefer explicit len(elem) or elemisnotNone tests instead.
is deprecated: use
instead.
Removed
asynchat and asyncore
These two modules have been removed according to the schedule in
, having been deprecated in Python 3.6. Use
instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
configparser
Several names deprecated in the
way back in 3.2 have been removed per
:
no longer has a filename attribute or argument. Use the source attribute and argument instead.
no longer has a SafeConfigParser class. Use the shorter
name instead.
no longer has a readfp method. Use
instead.
distutils
Remove the distutils package. It was deprecated in Python 3.10 by
“Deprecate distutils module”. For projects still using distutils and cannot be updated to something else, the setuptools project can be installed: it still provides distutils. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
ensurepip
Remove the bundled setuptools wheel from
, and stop installing setuptools in environments created by
.
pip(>=22.1) does not require setuptools to be installed in the environment. setuptools-based (and distutils-based) packages can still be used with pipinstall, since pip will provide setuptools in the build environment it uses for building a package.
easy_install, pkg_resources, setuptools and distutils are no longer provided by default in environments created with venv or bootstrapped with ensurepip, since they are part of the setuptools package. For projects relying on these at runtime, the setuptools project should be declared as a dependency and installed separately (typically, using pip).
(Contributed by Pradyun Gedam in
.)
enum
Remove
’s EnumMeta.__getattr__, which is no longer needed for enum attribute access. (Contributed by Ethan Furman in
.)
ftplib
Remove
’s FTP_TLS.ssl_version class attribute: use the context parameter instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
gzip
Remove the filename attribute of
’s
, deprecated since Python 2.6, use the
attribute instead. In write mode, the filename attribute added '.gz' file extension if it was not present. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
hashlib
Remove the pure Python implementation of
’s
, deprecated in Python 3.10. Python 3.10 and newer requires OpenSSL 1.1.1 (
): this OpenSSL version provides a C implementation of pbkdf2_hmac() which is faster. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
importlib
Many previously deprecated cleanups in
have now been completed:
References to, and support for module_repr() has been removed. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw in
.)
importlib.util.set_package, importlib.util.set_loader and importlib.util.module_for_loader have all been removed. (Contributed by Brett Cannon and Nikita Sobolev in
and
.)
Support for find_loader() and find_module() APIs have been removed. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw in
.)
importlib.abc.Finder, pkgutil.ImpImporter, and pkgutil.ImpLoader have been removed. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw in
.)
imp
The imp module has been removed. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw in
.)
To migrate, consult the following correspondence table:
imp
importlib
imp.NullImporter
Insert None into sys.path_importer_cache
imp.cache_from_source()
importlib.util.cache_from_source()
imp.find_module()
imp.get_magic()
imp.get_suffixes()
importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES
,
importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
, and
importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
imp.get_tag()
imp.load_module()
imp.new_module(name)
types.ModuleType(name)
imp.reload()
imp.source_from_cache()
importlib.util.source_from_cache()
imp.load_source()
See below
Replace imp.load_source() with:
importimportlib.utilimportimportlib.machinerydefload_source(modname,filename):loader=importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader(modname,filename)spec=importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(modname,filename,loader=loader)module=importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)# The module is always executed and not cached in sys.modules.# Uncomment the following line to cache the module.# sys.modules[module.__name__] = moduleloader.exec_module(module)returnmodule
Remove imp functions and attributes with no replacements:
Undocumented functions:
imp.init_builtin()
imp.load_compiled()
imp.load_dynamic()
imp.load_package()
imp.lock_held(), imp.acquire_lock(), imp.release_lock(): the locking scheme has changed in Python 3.3 to per-module locks.
imp.find_module() constants: SEARCH_ERROR, PY_SOURCE, PY_COMPILED, C_EXTENSION, PY_RESOURCE, PKG_DIRECTORY, C_BUILTIN, PY_FROZEN, PY_CODERESOURCE, IMP_HOOK.
io
Remove
’s io.OpenWrapper and _pyio.OpenWrapper, deprecated in Python 3.10: just use
instead. The open() (
) function is a built-in function. Since Python 3.10, _pyio.open() is also a static method. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
locale
Remove
’s locale.format() function, deprecated in Python 3.7: use
instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
smtpd
The smtpd module has been removed according to the schedule in
, having been deprecated in Python 3.4.7 and 3.5.4. Use the
PyPI module or any other
-based server instead. (Contributed by Oleg Iarygin in
.)
sqlite3
The following undocumented
features, deprecated in Python 3.10, are now removed:
sqlite3.enable_shared_cache()
sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode
If a shared cache must be used, open the database in URI mode using the cache=shared query parameter.
The sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode text factory has been an alias for
since Python 3.3. Code that previously set the text factory to OptimizedUnicode can either use str explicitly, or rely on the default value which is also str.
(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in
.)
ssl
Remove
’s ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes() function, deprecated in Python 3.6: use
or
instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Remove the ssl.match_hostname() function. It was deprecated in Python 3.7. OpenSSL performs hostname matching since Python 3.7, Python no longer uses the ssl.match_hostname() function. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Remove the ssl.wrap_socket() function, deprecated in Python 3.7: instead, create a
object and call its
method. Any package that still uses ssl.wrap_socket() is broken and insecure. The function neither sends a SNI TLS extension nor validates the server hostname. Code is subject to
(Improper Certificate Validation). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
unittest
Remove many long-deprecated
features:
A number of
method aliases:
Deprecated alias
Method Name
Deprecated in
failUnless
3.1
failIf
3.1
failUnlessEqual
3.1
failIfEqual
3.1
failUnlessAlmostEqual
3.1
failIfAlmostEqual
3.1
failUnlessRaises
3.1
assert_
3.2
assertEquals
3.2
assertNotEquals
3.2
assertAlmostEquals
3.2
assertNotAlmostEquals
3.2
assertRegexpMatches
3.2
assertRaisesRegexp
3.2
assertNotRegexpMatches
3.5
You can use
https://github.com/isidentical/teyit
to automatically modernise your unit tests.
Undocumented and broken
method assertDictContainsSubset (deprecated in Python 3.2).
Undocumented
TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule
parameter use_load_tests (deprecated and ignored since Python 3.5).
An alias of the
class: _TextTestResult (deprecated in Python 3.2).
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
webbrowser
Remove support for obsolete browsers from
. The removed browsers include: Grail, Mosaic, Netscape, Galeon, Skipstone, Iceape, Firebird, and Firefox versions 35 and below (
).
xml.etree.ElementTree
Remove the ElementTree.Element.copy() method of the pure Python implementation, deprecated in Python 3.10, use the
function instead. The C implementation of
has no copy() method, only a __copy__() method. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
zipimport
Remove
’s find_loader() and find_module() methods, deprecated in Python 3.10: use the find_spec() method instead. See
for the rationale. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Others
Remove the suspicious rule from the documentation Makefile and Doc/tools/rstlint.py, both in favor of
. (Contributed by Julien Palard in
.)
Remove the keyfile and certfile parameters from the
,
,
and
modules, and the key_file, cert_file and check_hostname parameters from the
module, all deprecated since Python 3.6. Use the context parameter (ssl_context in imaplib) instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Remove Jython compatibility hacks from several stdlib modules and tests. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
Remove _use_broken_old_ctypes_structure_semantics_ flag from
module. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in
.)
Porting to Python 3.12
This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code.
Changes in the Python API
More strict rules are now applied for numerical group references and group names in regular expressions. Only sequence of ASCII digits is now accepted as a numerical reference. The group name in bytes patterns and replacement strings can now only contain ASCII letters and digits and underscore. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
Remove randrange() functionality deprecated since Python 3.10. Formerly, randrange(10.0) losslessly converted to randrange(10). Now, it raises a
. Also, the exception raised for non-integer values such as randrange(10.5) or randrange('10') has been changed from
to TypeError. This also prevents bugs where randrange(1e25) would silently select from a larger range than randrange(10**25). (Originally suggested by Serhiy Storchaka
.)
changed encoding and error handler for reading arguments from file (e.g. fromfile_prefix_chars option) from default text encoding (e.g.
locale.getpreferredencoding(False)
) to
filesystem encoding and error handler
. Argument files should be encoded in UTF-8 instead of ANSI Codepage on Windows.
Remove the asyncore-based smtpd module deprecated in Python 3.4.7 and 3.5.4. A recommended replacement is the
-based
PyPI module.
: Passing None for s argument now raises an exception, rather than reading
. The feature was deprecated in Python 3.9. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
The
module no longer accepts bytes-like paths, like
and
types: only the exact
type is accepted for bytes strings. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
and
now fail if used in subinterpreters.
may still be used in subinterpreters, but now only if syslog.openlog() has already been called in the main interpreter. These new restrictions do not apply to the main interpreter, so only a very small set of users might be affected. This change helps with interpreter isolation. Furthermore,
is a wrapper around process-global resources, which are best managed from the main interpreter. (Contributed by Donghee Na in
.)
The undocumented locking behavior of
is removed, because it locked across all instances of the class, leading to high lock contention. This means that a cached property getter function could now run more than once for a single instance, if two threads race. For most simple cached properties (e.g. those that are idempotent and simply calculate a value based on other attributes of the instance) this will be fine. If synchronization is needed, implement locking within the cached property getter function or around multi-threaded access points.
now returns a mapping from thread-id to an exception instance, rather than to a (typ,exc,tb) tuple. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
When extracting tar files using
or
, pass the filter argument to limit features that may be surprising or dangerous. See
for details.
The output of the
and
functions is now changed due to the changes introduced in
. This means that STRING tokens are not emitted any more for f-strings and the tokens described in
are now produced instead: FSTRING_START, FSTRING_MIDDLE and FSTRING_END are now emitted for f-string “string” parts in addition to the appropriate tokens for the tokenization in the expression components. For example for the f-string f"start{1+1}end" the old version of the tokenizer emitted:
1,0-1,18:STRING'f"start {1+1} end"'while the new version emits:
1,0-1,2:FSTRING_START'f"'1,2-1,8:FSTRING_MIDDLE'start '1,8-1,9:OP'{'1,9-1,10:NUMBER'1'1,10-1,11:OP'+'1,11-1,12:NUMBER'1'1,12-1,13:OP'}'1,13-1,17:FSTRING_MIDDLE' end'1,17-1,18:FSTRING_END'"'Additionally, there may be some minor behavioral changes as a consequence of the changes required to support
. Some of these changes include:
The type attribute of the tokens emitted when tokenizing some invalid Python characters such as ! has changed from ERRORTOKEN to OP.
Incomplete single-line strings now also raise
as incomplete multiline strings do.
Some incomplete or invalid Python code now raises
instead of returning arbitrary ERRORTOKEN tokens when tokenizing it.
Mixing tabs and spaces as indentation in the same file is not supported anymore and will raise a
.
The
module now expects the _thread module to have an _is_main_interpreter attribute. It is a function with no arguments that returns True if the current interpreter is the main interpreter.
Any library or application that provides a custom _thread module should provide _is_main_interpreter(). (See
.)
Build Changes
Python no longer uses setup.py to build shared C extension modules. Build parameters like headers and libraries are detected in configure script. Extensions are built by Makefile. Most extensions use pkg-config and fall back to manual detection. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in
.)
va_start() with two parameters, like va_start(args,format), is now required to build Python. va_start() is no longer called with a single parameter. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in
.)
CPython now uses the ThinLTO option as the default link time optimization policy if the Clang compiler accepts the flag. (Contributed by Donghee Na in
.)
Add COMPILEALL_OPTS variable in Makefile to override
options (default: -j0) in makeinstall. Also merged the 3 compileall commands into a single command to build .pyc files for all optimization levels (0, 1, 2) at once. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Add platform triplets for 64-bit LoongArch:
loongarch64-linux-gnusf
loongarch64-linux-gnuf32
loongarch64-linux-gnu
(Contributed by Zhang Na in
.)
PYTHON_FOR_REGEN now require Python 3.10 or newer.
Autoconf 2.71 and aclocal 1.16.4 is now required to regenerate configure. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in
.)
Windows builds and macOS installers from python.org now use OpenSSL 3.0.
C API Changes
New Features
: Introduce the
, intended for low-level tools like debuggers and JIT compilers. This API may change in each minor release of CPython without deprecation warnings. Its contents are marked by the PyUnstable_ prefix in names.
Code object constructors:
PyUnstable_Code_New() (renamed from PyCode_New)
PyUnstable_Code_NewWithPosOnlyArgs() (renamed from PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs)
Extra storage for code objects (
):
PyUnstable_Eval_RequestCodeExtraIndex() (renamed from _PyEval_RequestCodeExtraIndex)
PyUnstable_Code_GetExtra() (renamed from _PyCode_GetExtra)
PyUnstable_Code_SetExtra() (renamed from _PyCode_SetExtra)
The original names will continue to be available until the respective API changes.
(Contributed by Petr Viktorin in
.)
: Add an API for extending types whose instance memory layout is opaque:
can be zero or negative to specify inheriting or extending the base class size.
and
added to allow access to subclass-specific instance data.
and
added to allow safely extending certain variable-sized types, including
.
added to allow defining
in terms of a subclass-specific struct.
(Contributed by Petr Viktorin in
.)
Add the new
function
, which generalizes the existing
using an additional metaclass argument. (Contributed by Wenzel Jakob in
.)
API for creating objects that can be called using
was added to the
:
The
flag is now removed from a class when the class’s
method is reassigned. This makes vectorcall safe to use with mutable types (i.e. heap types without the immutable flag,
). Mutable types that do not override
now inherit the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL flag. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in
.)
The
and
flags have been added. This allows extensions classes to support object
and weakrefs with less bookkeeping, using less memory and with faster access.
API for performing calls using
was added to the
:
PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET
This means that both the incoming and outgoing ends of the vector call protocol are now available in the
. (Contributed by Wenzel Jakob in
.)
Add two new public functions,
and
, that allow to set tracing and profiling functions in all running threads in addition to the calling one. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in
.)
Add new function
to the C API which sets the vectorcall field of a given
. (Contributed by Andrew Frost in
.)
The C API now permits registering callbacks via
,
and related APIs to be called whenever a dictionary is modified. This is intended for use by optimizing interpreters, JIT compilers, or debuggers. (Contributed by Carl Meyer in
.)
Add
and
API to register callbacks to receive notification on changes to a type. (Contributed by Carl Meyer in
.)
Add
and
APIs to register callbacks to receive notification on creation and destruction of code objects. (Contributed by Itamar Oren in
.)
Add
and
functions to get a frame variable by its name. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Add
and
for saving and restoring the current exception. These functions return and accept a single exception object, rather than the triple arguments of the now-deprecated
and
. This is less error prone and a bit more efficient. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add _PyErr_ChainExceptions1, which takes an exception instance, to replace the legacy-API _PyErr_ChainExceptions, which is now deprecated. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add
and
as convenience functions for retrieving and modifying the
passed to the exception’s constructor. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
Add
, which takes an exception instance, to replace the legacy-api PyErr_Display(). (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
).
: Introduce Immortal Objects, which allows objects to bypass reference counts, and related changes to the C-API:
_Py_IMMORTAL_REFCNT: The reference count that defines an objectas immortal.
_Py_IsImmortal Checks if an object has the immortal reference count.
PyObject_HEAD_INIT This will now initialize reference count to_Py_IMMORTAL_REFCNT when used with Py_BUILD_CORE.
SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL An identifier for interned unicode objectsthat are immortal.
SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL_STATIC An identifier for interned unicodeobjects that are immortal and static
sys.getunicodeinternedsize This returns the total number of unicodeobjects that have been interned. This is now needed for refleak.py to correctly track reference counts and allocated blocks
(Contributed by Eddie Elizondo in
.)
: Add the new
function and
, which may be used to create sub-interpreters with their own GILs. (See
PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL
for more info.) (Contributed by Eric Snow in
.)
In the limited C API version 3.12,
and
functions are now implemented as opaque function calls to hide implementation details. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Porting to Python 3.12
Legacy Unicode APIs based on Py_UNICODE* representation has been removed. Please migrate to APIs based on UTF-8 or wchar_t*.
Argument parsing functions like
doesn’t support Py_UNICODE* based format (e.g. u, Z) anymore. Please migrate to other formats for Unicode like s, z, es, and U.
tp_weaklist for all static builtin types is always NULL. This is an internal-only field on PyTypeObject but we’re pointing out the change in case someone happens to be accessing the field directly anyway. To avoid breakage, consider using the existing public C-API instead, or, if necessary, the (internal-only) _PyObject_GET_WEAKREFS_LISTPTR() macro.
This internal-only
may now not be a valid object pointer. Its type was changed to void* to reflect this. We mention this in case someone happens to be accessing the internal-only field directly.
To get a list of subclasses, call the Python method
(using
, for example).
Add support of more formatting options (left aligning, octals, uppercase hexadecimals, intmax_t, ptrdiff_t, wchar_t C strings, variable width and precision) in
and
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
An unrecognized format character in
and
now sets a
. In previous versions it caused all the rest of the format string to be copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
.)
Fix wrong sign placement in
and
. (Contributed by Philip Georgi in
.)
Extension classes wanting to add a
or weak reference slot should use
and
instead of tp_dictoffset and tp_weaklistoffset, respectively. The use of tp_dictoffset and tp_weaklistoffset is still supported, but does not fully support multiple inheritance (
), and performance may be worse. Classes declaring Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT must call _PyObject_VisitManagedDict() and _PyObject_ClearManagedDict() to traverse and clear their instance’s dictionaries. To clear weakrefs, call
, as before.
The
function no longer accepts bytes-like paths, like
and
types: only the exact
type is accepted for bytes strings. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
The
,
and
macros now only evaluate their arguments once. If an argument has side effects, these side effects are no longer duplicated. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
The interpreter’s error indicator is now always normalized. This means that
,
and the other functions that set the error indicator now normalize the exception before storing it. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
_Py_RefTotal is no longer authoritative and only kept around for ABI compatibility. Note that it is an internal global and only available on debug builds. If you happen to be using it then you’ll need to start using _Py_GetGlobalRefTotal().
The following functions now select an appropriate metaclass for the newly created type:
Creating classes whose metaclass overrides
is deprecated, and in Python 3.14+ it will be disallowed. Note that these functions ignore tp_new of the metaclass, possibly allowing incomplete initialization.
Note that
(added in Python 3.12) already disallows creating classes whose metaclass overrides tp_new (
in Python).
Since tp_new overrides almost everything PyType_From* functions do, the two are incompatible with each other. The existing behavior – ignoring the metaclass for several steps of type creation – is unsafe in general, since (meta)classes assume that tp_new was called. There is no simple general workaround. One of the following may work for you:
If you control the metaclass, avoid using tp_new in it:
If initialization can be skipped, it can be done in
instead.
If the metaclass doesn’t need to be instantiated from Python, set its tp_new to NULL using the
Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION
flag. This makes it acceptable for PyType_From* functions.
Avoid PyType_From* functions: if you don’t need C-specific features (slots or setting the instance size), create types by
the metaclass.
If you know the tp_new can be skipped safely, filter the deprecation warning out using
from Python.
and
are no longer called in
. This is because clients generally rely on process-wide global state (since these callbacks have no way of recovering extension module state).
This also avoids situations where extensions may find themselves running in a subinterpreter that they don’t support (or haven’t yet been loaded in). See
for more info.
has had its internals changed for better performance. Although the internals of PyLongObject are private, they are used by some extension modules. The internal fields should no longer be accessed directly, instead the API functions beginning PyLong_... should be used instead. Two new unstable API functions are provided for efficient access to the value of PyLongObjects which fit into a single machine word:
PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue()
Custom allocators, set via
, are now required to be thread-safe, regardless of memory domain. Allocators that don’t have their own state, including “hooks”, are not affected. If your custom allocator is not already thread-safe and you need guidance then please create a new GitHub issue and CC @ericsnowcurrently.
Deprecated
In accordance with
, the ma_version_tag field in
is deprecated for extension modules. Accessing this field will generate a compiler warning at compile time. This field will be removed in Python 3.14. (Contributed by Ramvikrams and Kumar Aditya in
. PEP by Ken Jin.)
Deprecate global configuration variable:
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
: use
and
: use
Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag
: use
PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding
: use
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding: use
Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding: use
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors: use
Py_UTF8Mode: use
(see
)
The
API should be used with
instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Creating
with mutable bases is deprecated and will be disabled in Python 3.14. (
)
The structmember.h header is deprecated, though it continues to be available and there are no plans to remove it.
Its contents are now available just by including Python.h, with a Py prefix added if it was missing:
,
and
Type macros like
,
, etc. (previously T_INT, T_DOUBLE, etc.)
The flags
(previously READONLY) and
(previously all uppercase)
Several items are not exposed from Python.h:
(use
)
(previously undocumented, and pretty quirky)
The macro WRITE_RESTRICTED which does nothing.
The macros RESTRICTED and READ_RESTRICTED, equivalents of
.
In some configurations, <stddef.h> is not included from Python.h. It should be included manually when using offsetof().
The deprecated header continues to provide its original contents under the original names. Your old code can stay unchanged, unless the extra include and non-namespaced macros bother you greatly.
(Contributed in
by Petr Viktorin, based on earlier work by Alexander Belopolsky and Matthias Braun.)
and
are deprecated. Use
and
instead. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
.)
PyErr_Display() is deprecated. Use
instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
).
_PyErr_ChainExceptions is deprecated. Use _PyErr_ChainExceptions1 instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
.)
Using
,
or
to create a class whose metaclass overrides
is deprecated. Call the metaclass instead.
Pending removal in Python 3.14
The ma_version_tag field in
for extension modules (
;
).
Creating
with mutable bases (
).
Pending removal in Python 3.15
The
PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock()
: Use
instead.
and
: Use
instead. The
can be used to get PyWeakref_GetRef() on Python 3.12 and older.
type and the Py_UNICODE_WIDE macro: Use wchar_t instead.
PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject(): Use
instead.
PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode(): Use
instead; Note that some codecs (for example, “base64”) may return a type other than
, such as
.
PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject(): Use
instead.
PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode(): Use
instead; Note that some codecs (for example, “base64”) may return a type other than
, such as
.
Python initialization functions, deprecated in Python 3.13:
: Use
PyConfig_Get("module_search_paths")
(
) instead.
: Use
(
) instead. Use PyConfig_Get("prefix") (
) if
need to be handled.
: Use
PyConfig_Get("base_exec_prefix")
(
) instead. Use PyConfig_Get("exec_prefix") (
) if
need to be handled.
: Use
(
) instead.
: Use
(
) instead.
: Use
or the
environment variable instead.
The
can be used to get
on Python 3.13 and older.
Functions to configure Python’s initialization, deprecated in Python 3.11:
PySys_SetArgvEx(): Set
instead.
PySys_SetArgv(): Set
instead.
Py_SetProgramName(): Set
instead.
Py_SetPythonHome(): Set
instead.
: Clear
and warnings.filters instead.
The
API should be used with
instead.
Global configuration variables:
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("optimization_level")
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("pathconfig_warnings")
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("use_environment")
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("write_bytecode")
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("user_site_directory")
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("buffered_stdio")
instead.
: Use
and
or
instead.
: Use
or
instead.
Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag
: Use
PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding
or
PyConfig_Get("legacy_windows_fs_encoding")
instead.
: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("legacy_windows_stdio")
instead.
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("filesystem_encoding")
instead.
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors: Use
or
PyConfig_Get("filesystem_errors")
instead.
Py_UTF8Mode: Use
or
instead. (see
)
The
API should be used with
to set these options. Or
can be used to get these options at runtime.
Pending removal in Python 3.16
The bundled copy of libmpdec.
Pending removal in future versions
The following APIs are deprecated and will be removed, although there is currently no date scheduled for their removal.
: Unneeded since Python 3.8.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
and
instead.
: Unneeded since Python 3.12
PyErr_Display(): Use
instead.
_PyErr_ChainExceptions(): Use _PyErr_ChainExceptions1() instead.
PyBytesObject.ob_shash member: call
instead.
Thread Local Storage (TLS) API:
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Use
instead.
: Unneeded since Python 3.7.
Removed
Remove the token.h header file. There was never any public tokenizer C API. The token.h header file was only designed to be used by Python internals. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)
Legacy Unicode APIs have been removed. See
for detail.
PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND
PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE()
PyUnicode_AsUnicode()
PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize()
PyUnicode_AS_DATA()
PyUnicode_FromUnicode()
PyUnicode_GET_SIZE()
PyUnicode_GetSize()
PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE()
Remove the PyUnicode_InternImmortal() function macro. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
.)