C++11 - cppreference.com

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C++11 is the second major version of C++ and the most important update since C++98. A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers.

Before it was finally approved by ISO on 12 August 2011, the name 'C++0x' was used because it was expected to be published before 2010. It took 8 years between C++03 and C++11, so it has become the longest interval between versions so far. Since then, currently, C++ updates every 3 years regularly.

Following features were merged into C++11:

From

: all of TR1 except

From Boost:

and

, iterator improvements (

begin

end

)

From C: C-style Unicode conversion functions

Core language features

and

and

functions

and

and

move assignment operators

and

and

constructors

brace-or-equal

initializers

nullptr

long long

char16_t and char32_t

type aliases

variadic templates

generalized (non-trivial) unions

generalized PODs

(

trivial types

and

standard-layout types

)

Unicode string literals

user-defined literals

specifier and

operator

and

multithreaded

(removed in C++23)

(based on Boost library)

static_assert

(based on Boost library)

Library features

Library features

concurrency support library

emplace() and other use of rvalue references throughout all parts of the existing library

std::unique_ptr

std::move_iterator

std::initializer_list

and

allocators

new

std::uninitialized_copy_n

Unicode conversion facets

and

improvements:

Unicode conversion functions

Defect reports

Defect Reports fixed in C++11 (741 core, 868 library)

↑

The reslution of these defects added the following member functions, but they are not available in the C++98 mode of

libstdc++

std::basic_string::back()

std::basic_string::front()

std::basic_string::pop_back()

std::basic_string::shrink_to_fit()

std::deque::shrink_to_fit()

std::vector::shrink_to_fit()

Compiler support

C++11 core language features

C++11 featurePaper(s)GCC

Clang

MSVC

Apple Clang

EDG eccp

Intel C++

Nvidia HPC C++ (ex PGI)*

Nvidia nvcc

Cray

Embarcadero C++ Builder

IBM Open XL C++ for AIX

IBM Open XL C++ for z/OS

IBM XL C++

Sun/Oracle C++

HP aCC

Digital Mars C++

C99

preprocessor

N1653

4.3 Yes 19.0 (2015)*(partial)*
19.26*Yes 4.1 11.1 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 10.1 5.9 A.06.25 Yes

static_assert

(

FTM

N1720

4.3 2.9 16.0*Yes 4.1 11.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 5.13 A.06.25 8.52 Right angle brackets

N1757

4.3 Yes 14.0*Yes 4.1 11.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 5.13 Extended

friend

declarations

N1791

4.7 2.9 16.0*Yes 4.1 11.1 (partial)
12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 5.13 A.06.25

long long

N1811

Yes Yes 14.0*Yes Yes Yes 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes

auto

N1984

4.4 Yes 16.0*Yes 3.9 11.0 (partial)*
12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 5.13 A.06.25

Delegating constructors

(

FTM

N1986

4.7 3.0 18.0*Yes 4.7 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 5.13 A.06.28 externtemplate

N1987

3.3 Yes 12.0*Yes 3.9 9.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 5.13 A.06.25

constexpr

(

FTM

N2235

4.6 3.1 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.6 13.0 (partial)
14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 (partial)
13.1 5.13 A.06.28

and

(

4.4 2.9 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.4 12.1 (partial)*
14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1*5.13 A.06.27 8.52 Compiler support for

. N2255*

4.3 (partial)*
4.8 (partial)*
5 3.0 14.0*
(partial)*
19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.0 10.0 2015 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.3 5.13 6.16

Template aliases

(

FTM

N2258

4.7 3.0 18.0*Yes 4.2 12.1 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1*5.13 A.06.27

alignas

N2341

4.8 3.0 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.8 15.0 2015 7.0 8.6 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13

alignof

N2341

4.5 2.9 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.8 15.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 Defaulted and deleted functions

N2346

4.4 3.0 18.0*Yes 4.1 12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1 5.13 A.06.25

Strongly-typed enum

N2347

4.4 2.9 16.0* (partial)
17.0*Yes 4.0 13.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 5.13 A.06.25

Atomic operations

N2427

4.4 3.1 17.0*Yes Yes 13.0 2015 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.14

nullptr

N2431

4.6 2.9 16.0*Yes 4.2 12.1 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1 5.13 A.06.27 8.52 Explicit

conversion operators

N2437

4.5 3.0 18.0*Yes 4.4 13.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 5.13 A.06.27 ref-qualifiers (

FTM

N2439

4.8.1 2.9 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.7 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.28 Unicode

string literals

(

FTM

N2442

4.4 3.0 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.7 11.0*2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 10.1*
13.1.1*5.7 A.06.28 8.52 Raw

string literals

(

FTM

N2442

4.5 Yes 18.0*Yes 4.7 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1, except AIX xlC 13.1.3*5.13 A.06.28 8.52

Inline namespaces

N2535

4.4 2.9 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.5 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 5.13 A.06.28

Inheriting constructors

(

FTM

N2540

4.8 3.3 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.8 15.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1*5.13

Trailing function return types

N2541

4.4 2.9 16.0*Yes 4.1 12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 5.13 A.06.27 Unrestricted

unions

N2544

4.6 3.0 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.6 14.0*2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.28

(

4.3 (partial)*
4.4 2.9 18.0*Yes 4.3 (partial)*
4.3 12.1 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 (partial)*5.13 A.06.27

Expression SFINAE

N2634

4.4 2.9 19.14*Yes 4.2 12.1 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 Local and unnamed types as template parameters

N2657

4.5 2.9 16.0*Yes 4.2 12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.27

Thread-local storage

N2659

4.4 (partial)
4.8 3.3*16.0* (partial)
19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.8 11.1 (partial)
15.0*2015 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 10.1 (partial)*
13.1.2 (partial)*5.9 (partial) 8.52 (partial) Dynamic initialization and destruction with concurrency (

magic statics

) (

FTM

N2660

4.3 2.9 19.0 (2015)*Yes Yes 11.1*2015 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.25 Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection

(

4.4 3.1 18.0*Yes 4.5 13.0 (partial)
14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.28

Non-static data member initializers

(

FTM

N2756

4.7 3.0 18.0*Yes 4.6 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.28

, [[

]] (

4.8 3.3 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.2 12.1 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1*5.13 A.06.27 [[

carries_dependency

]]

N2556

N2643

3.3*17.1.0*

Forward (opaque) enum declarations

N2764

4.6 3.1 17.0*Yes 4.5 11.1 (partial)
14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 5.13

User-defined literals

(

FTM

N2765

4.7 3.1 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.8 15.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.14

(

4.3 (partial)*
4.5 2.9 16.0*(partial)*
17.0*Yes 4.5 11.1 (partial)*
12.0 (partial)*
14.0 2015 7.0*8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 12.1 5.13 A.06.25

(

4.5 3.1 16.0*(partial)*
17.0*Yes 4.1 12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.25

(

4.6 3.0 17.0*Yes 4.5 13.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.2*5.13 A.06.28

noexcept

N3050

4.6 3.0 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.5 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1*5.13 A.06.28 Defaulted move

4.6 3.0 19.0 (2015)*Yes 4.5 14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 5.13 A.06.25

and

4.7 2.9 14.0* (partial)
17.0*Yes 4.8 12.0 (partial)*
14.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 13.1.1*5.13

(

4.3 (partial)*
4.8.1 2.9 16.0*(partial)*
17.0*Yes 4.2 (partial)*
4.8 11.0 (partial)*
12.0 2015 7.0 8.4 Yes 17.1.0 1.1.0 11.1 (partial)*5.13 A.06.25 8.52 (partial)*C++11 feature

Paper(s)

GCC

Clang

MSVC

Apple Clang

EDG eccp

Intel C++

Nvidia HPC C++ (ex PGI)*

Nvidia nvcc

Cray

Embarcadero C++ Builder

IBM Open XL C++ for AIX

IBM Open XL C++ for z/OS

IBM XL C++

Sun/Oracle C++

HP aCC

Digital Mars C++

C++11 library features

C++11 featurePaper(s)GCC libstdc++

Clang libc++

MSVC STL

Apple Clang*

IBM Open XL C/C++ for AIX*

Sun/Oracle C++*

Embarcadero C++ Builder*

Regular expressions library

N1429

4.9 2.8 Yes Yes 17.1.0

. N1836*

4.3 (partial)*
4.8 (partial)*
5 3.0 14.0*
(partial)*
19.0 (2015)*Yes 17.1.0 5.13 Yes Member functions cbegin, cend, crbegin, and crend of containers

N1913

LWG1192

4.3 (partial)*
4.5 Yes*16.0*Yes*17.1.0

Garbage Collection

and Reachability-Based Leak Detection (

library support

)

N2670

6
(no-op)*3.4
(no-op)*19.0 (2015)*
(no-op)*Yes
(no-op)*17.1.0

Money, Time, and hexfloat I/O manipulators

N2071

N2072

5 3.8 19.0 (2015)*Yes 17.1.0 5.15 Disallowing

COW (copy-on-write)

std::basic_string

N2668

5 Yes Yes Yes 17.1.0 Yes C++11 feature

Paper(s)

GCC libstdc++

Clang libc++

MSVC STL

Apple Clang*

IBM Open XL C/C++ for AIX*

Sun/Oracle C++*

Embarcadero C++ Builder*

* - hover over a cell marked with the star * to see additional pop-up notes.
DRnn - the number nn after "DR" denotes target C++ revision the Defect Report is applied to, e.g., DR20 → C++20.

External links