From cppreference.com
referenceback(); (1) const_referenceback()const; (2) Returns a reference to the last element in the container.
If
is true, the behavior is undefined.
(until C++26)If
is true:
If the implementation is
, a
occurs.
If the implementation is not hardened, the behavior is undefined.
(since C++26)Return value
Reference to the last element.
Complexity
Constant.
Notes
For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()).
Example
Run this code
#include<cassert>#include<deque>intmain(){std::deque<char>letters{'a','b','c','d'};assert(letters.back()=='d');}See also
access the first element
(public member function)
(C++11)
returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
(public member function)
(C++11)
returns an iterator to the end
(public member function)