GitHub - python/mypy: Optional static typing for Python

GitHub

Got a question?

We are always happy to answer questions! Here are some good places to ask them:

for general questions about Python typing, try

typing discussions

for anything you're curious about, try

gitter chat

If you're just getting started,

the documentation

and

type hints cheat sheet

can also help answer questions.

If you think you've found a bug:

check our

common issues page

search our

issue tracker

to see if it's already been reported

To report a bug or request an enhancement:

report at

our issue tracker

if the issue is with a specific library or function, consider reporting it at

typeshed tracker

or the issue tracker for that library

To discuss a new type system feature:

discuss at

discuss.python.org

there is also some historical discussion at the

typing-sig mailing list

and the

python/typing repo

What is mypy?

Mypy is a static type checker for Python.

Type checkers help ensure that you're using variables and functions in your code correctly. With mypy, add type hints (

PEP 484

) to your Python programs, and mypy will warn you when you use those types incorrectly.

Python is a dynamic language, so usually you'll only see errors in your code when you attempt to run it. Mypy is a static checker, so it finds bugs in your programs without even running them!

Here is a small example to whet your appetite:

number=input("What is your favourite number?") print("It is", number+1) # error: Unsupported operand types for + ("str" and "int")Adding type hints for mypy does not interfere with the way your program would otherwise run. Think of type hints as similar to comments! You can always use the Python interpreter to run your code, even if mypy reports errors.

Mypy is designed with gradual typing in mind. This means you can add type hints to your code base slowly and that you can always fall back to dynamic typing when static typing is not convenient.

Mypy has a powerful and easy-to-use type system, supporting features such as type inference, generics, callable types, tuple types, union types, structural subtyping and more. Using mypy will make your programs easier to understand, debug, and maintain.

See

the documentation

for more examples and information.

In particular, see:

type hints cheat sheet

getting started

list of error codes

Quick start

Mypy can be installed using pip:

python3 -m pip install -U mypyIf you want to run the latest version of the code, you can install from the repo directly:

python3 -m pip install -U git+https://github.com/python/mypy.gitNow you can type-check the

statically typed parts

of a program like this:

mypy PROGRAMYou can always use the Python interpreter to run your statically typed programs, even if mypy reports type errors:

python3 PROGRAMIf you are working with large code bases, you can run mypy in

daemon mode

, that will give much faster (often sub-second) incremental updates:

dmypy run -- PROGRAMYou can also try mypy in an

online playground

(developed by Yusuke Miyazaki).

Integrations

Mypy can be integrated into popular IDEs:

VS Code: provides

basic integration

with mypy.

Vim: Using

Syntastic

: in ~/.vimrc add let g:syntastic_python_checkers=['mypy']

Using

ALE

: should be enabled by default when mypy is installed, or can be explicitly enabled by adding let b:ale_linters = ['mypy'] in ~/vim/ftplugin/python.vim

Emacs: using

Flycheck

Sublime Text:

SublimeLinter-contrib-mypy

PyCharm:

mypy plugin

IDLE:

idlemypyextension

pre-commit: use

pre-commit mirrors-mypy

, although note by default this will limit mypy's ability to analyse your third party dependencies.

Web site and documentation

Additional information is available at the web site:

https://www.mypy-lang.org/

Jump straight to the documentation:

https://mypy.readthedocs.io/

Follow along our changelog at:

https://mypy-lang.blogspot.com/

Contributing

Help in testing, development, documentation and other tasks is highly appreciated and useful to the project. There are tasks for contributors of all experience levels.

To get started with developing mypy, see

CONTRIBUTING.md

.

Mypyc and compiled version of mypy

Mypyc

uses Python type hints to compile Python modules to faster C extensions. Mypy is itself compiled using mypyc: this makes mypy approximately 4 times faster than if interpreted!

To install an interpreted mypy instead, use:

python3 -m pip install --no-binary mypy -U mypyTo use a compiled version of a development version of mypy, directly install a binary from

https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels/releases/latest

.

To contribute to the mypyc project, check out the issue tracker at

https://github.com/mypyc/mypyc