Depression: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Depression may be described as feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. Most of us feel this way at one time or another for short periods.
Clinical depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for 2 weeks or more.
Depression can occur in people of all ages:
Symptoms of depression include:
, restlessness, irritability, and anger
Becoming withdrawn or isolated
and lack of energy
Feeling hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, and self-hate
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed including sex
Sudden change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss
Thoughts of death or
Trouble concentrating
Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
Remember that children may have different symptoms than adults. Watch for changes in schoolwork, sleep, and behavior. If you wonder whether your child might be depressed, talk with your health care provider. Your provider can help you learn
how to help your child with depression
.
The main types of depression include:
-- It occurs when feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with daily life for 2 weeks or longer periods of time.
Persistent depressive disorder
-- This is a depressed mood that lasts 2 years. Over that length of time, you may have periods of major depression, with times when your symptoms are milder.
Other common forms of depression include:
-- Many women feel somewhat down after having a baby. However, true postpartum depression is more severe and includes the symptoms of major depression.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
(PMDD) -- Symptoms of depression occur 1 week before your period and disappear after you menstruate.
(SAD) -- This occurs most often during fall and winter, and disappears during spring and summer. It is most likely due to a lack of sunlight.
Major depression with psychotic features
-- This occurs when a person has depression and loss of touch with reality (
).
(formerly called manic depression) -- This occurs when depression alternates with mania. Bipolar disorder has depression as one of its symptoms, but it is a different type of mental illness.
Depression often runs in families. This may be due to your genes, behaviors you learn at home, or your environment. Depression may be triggered by stressful or unhappy life events. Often, it is a combination of these things.
Many factors can bring on depression, including:
or illicit drug use
Medical conditions, such as an underactive thyroid,
or long-term (chronic) pain
Sleeping problems
Some kinds of medicines, such as steroids or beta-blockers
Stressful life events, such as job loss, divorce, or death of a spouse or other family member
Social isolation (a common cause of depression in older adults)
Contact your provider if:
You hear voices that are not there.
You cry often without cause.
Your depression has affected your work, school, or family life for longer than 2 weeks.
You have three or more symptoms of depression.
You think one of your current medicines may be making you feel depressed.
Do not change or stop taking any medicines
without talking to your provider.
You think your child or teen may be depressed.
You should also contact your provider if:
You think you should cut back on drinking alcohol
A family member or friend has asked you to
You feel guilty about the amount of alcohol you drink
You drink alcohol first thing in the morning
If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, call or text 988 or chat
. You can also call 1-800-273-8255 (1-800-273-TALK). The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline provides free and confidential support 24/7, anytime day or night.
You can also call 911 or the local emergency number or go to the hospital emergency room. DO NOT delay.
If someone you know has attempted suicide, call 911 or the local emergency number right away. DO NOT leave the person alone, even after you have called for help.
Blues; Gloom; Sadness; Melancholy
American Psychiatric Association website. Depressive disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022.
Fava M, Mischoulon D, Cassano P, Papakostas GI, Stern TA. Depressive disorders. In: Stern TA, Wilens TE, Fava M, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 28.
Lyness JM, Lee HB. Psychiatric disorders in medical practice. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 362.
Manak CK, Kim RK. Mood disorders. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 39.
National Institute of Mental Health website. Depression.
www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression
. Updated December 2024. Accessed May 7, 2025.
Updated by: Fred K. Berger, MD, DLFAPA, board-certified in psychiatry, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.