The Python Standard Library — Python 3.16.0a0 documentation

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10. Full Grammar specification

Python Module Index

3.16.0a0 Documentation

The Python Language Reference

While The Python Language Reference describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of

Notes on availability

Built-in Functions

Built-in Constants

Truth Value Testing

Built-in Exceptions

Thread Safety Guarantees

Time complexity of operations on built-in types

Text Processing Services

string — Common string operations

string.templatelib — Support for template string literals

re — Regular expression operations

difflib — Helpers for computing deltas

textwrap — Text wrapping and filling

unicodedata — Unicode Database

stringprep — Internet String Preparation

readline — GNU readline interface

rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline

Binary Data Services

struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data

codecs — Codec registry and base classes

datetime — Basic date and time types

zoneinfo — IANA time zone support

calendar — General calendar-related functions

collections — Container datatypes

collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers

heapq — Heap queue algorithm

bisect — Array bisection algorithm

array — Efficient arrays of numeric values

weakref — Weak references

types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types

copy — Shallow and deep copy operations

pprint — Data pretty printer

reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation

enum — Support for enumerations

graphlib — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures

Numeric and Mathematical Modules

numbers — Numeric abstract base classes

math — Mathematical functions

math.integer — integer-specific mathematics functions

cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers

decimal — Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic

fractions — Rational numbers

random — Generate pseudo-random numbers

statistics — Mathematical statistics functions

Functional Programming Modules

itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping

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